# TB-500 References and Citations: The Thymosin Beta-4 Literature

> TB-500 references and citations: the full source list behind this case review, including the thymosin beta-4 actin-sequestration, wound-healing, cardiac, stroke, and human Phase 1 studies, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every study cited in this case review, with journal, year, DOI, and PubMed or source link.

## How to read this register

These are the sources behind every quantitative claim in this file. Where a finding was generated on the full-length parent protein, thymosin beta-4, rather than the TB-500 heptapeptide, the body text says so — and most of them were. The regulatory sources are FDA primary pages and one secondary legal analysis. The TB-500 references and citations below carry the journal, year, and a resolvable DOI or URL for each entry.

## References

[1] Irobi E, Aguda AH, Larsson M, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[3] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[4] Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[5] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[6] Ruff D, Crockford D, Girard G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[7] Sosne G, Szliter EA, Barrett R, Kernacki KA, Kleinman H, Hazlett LD. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74(2):293-299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11950239/
[8] Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, Wheater MK. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-275. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27450738/
[9] Qiu P, Wheater MK, Qiu Y, Sosne G. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol. 2006;208(2):447-456. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16607611/
[10] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[11] El-Sayed N, et al. The combined impact of thymosin beta 4 and selenium on diabetic ulcers: a comparative study. Discover Biotechnology. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44340-025-00015-0
[12] Kim TI, et al. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66(14):31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41235866/
[13] Sosne G, et al. Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1458684. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380984/
[14] Wang L, et al. Thymosin β4 improves the survival of cutaneous flaps of rat and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Arch Med Sci. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms/186188
[15] Zhang Y, et al. Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascularized wound repair. Mater Today Bio. 2025;32:101585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101585
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (entry: "Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500"; Category 2, effective with the September 29, 2023 nominated-substances update). FDA.gov. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda listing "TB-500 (free base)" / "TB-500 acetate," alongside BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C, as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). FDA.gov. https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (definitions of Category 1 and Category 2; the 503A/503B framework; the January 7, 2025 change to categorization of newly nominated substances). FDA.gov. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[19] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Human Drug Compounding (the lawful access pathway: licensed-prescriber evaluation and patient-specific prescription, dispensed by a state-licensed 503A pharmacy or an FDA-registered 503B outsourcing facility; ingredient-eligibility under the bulk-substance rules). FDA.gov. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding
[20] McDermott Will & Emery. End of an Era: FDA Retires 2017 Interim Policies for Bulk Drug Lists (analysis of the January 7, 2025 FDA action; existing Category 1 substances retain enforcement discretion, Category 2 substances do not regain it). https://www.mcdermottlaw.com/insights/end-of-an-era-fda-retires-2017-interim-policies-for-bulk-drug-lists/

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A case review of the TB-500 evidence — every finding tagged for the molecule it is on, no clinic behind the file and nothing here for sale.